Medicaid: A Complicated History

• Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Medicaid and CHIP Enrollment Data: Report Highlights. https://www.medicaid.gov/medicaid/program-information/medicaid-and-chip-enrollment-data/report-highlights.

• Congressional Research Service. Overview of the ACA Medicaid Expansion. CRS In Focus IF10399, June 9, 2021. https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/IF10399.

• History.com Editors. Great Society. HISTORY, April 20, 2018. https://www.history.com/articles/great-society.

• KFF. Status of State Medicaid Expansion Decisions. https://www.kff.org/medicaid/status-of-state-medicaid-expansion-decisions/

• LBJ Presidential Library. Medicare and Medicaid. https://www.lbjlibrary.org/news-and-press/media-kits/medicare-and-medicaid.

• LBJ Presidential Library. William H. Stewart Biography. https://discoverlbj.org/item/bio-stewartw.

• National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, 567 U.S. 519 (2012). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/567/519/.

• President Barack Obama. My Statement on the 14th Anniversary of the Affordable Care Act. Medium, March 23, 2024. https://barackobama.medium.com/my-statement-on-the-14th-anniversary-of-the-affordable-care-act-7ccda13d560c

• The White House, President Barack Obama. Health Care. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-record/health-care/

• U.S. Congress. H.R. 6675: Social Security Amendments of 1965. 89th Cong. (1965). https://www.congress.gov/bill/89th-congress/house-bill/6675/text.

• U.S. Congress. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Public Law 111–148, March 23, 2010. https://www.congress.gov/111/plaws/publ148/PLAW-111publ148.pdf.

• William H. Stewart, interview by David G. McComb. Oral History Transcript, Interview 1 (I). LBJ Presidential Library, December 2, 1968. Accessed May 18, 2026. https://discoverlbj.org/item/oh-stewartw-19681202-1-74-44.

• Bureau of Economic Analysis

• Federal Reserve

• America’s Founding Documents (National Archives)

• Code of Federal Regulations

• Congress.gov

• Federal Register

• Regulations.gov

• United States House of Representatives

• United States Senate

• Congressional Budget Office

• Congressional Research Service

• Government Accountability Office

• Office of Management and Budget – The White House

• College Scorecard

• Governing: State and local government news and analysis

• ProPublica — Investigative Journalism and News in the Public Interest

• RealClearPolicy - Opinion, News, Analysis, Video and Polls

• The Hill - covering Congress, Politics, Political Campaigns and Capitol Hill

• Texas Administrative Code

• Texas Constitution and Statutes

• Texas Legislature Online

• Texas Register

Field Note #1

• Congressional Budget Office. Estimated Budgetary Effects of Public Law 119-21, to Provide for Reconciliation Pursuant to Title II of H. Con. Res. 14, Relative to CBO’s January 2025 Baseline, cost estimate, July 21, 2025.

• Congressional Research Service, The Department of Education’s Proposed Rule to Define “Professional Student”: Frequently Asked Questions, March 13, 2026. https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R48768

• Cooper, Preston. “The Big Beautiful Bill Is Already Bringing Down Tuition.” American Enterprise Institute. October 2, 2025.
  https://www.aei.org/education/the-big-beautiful-bill-is-already-bringing-down-tuition/

• Kansas State University.“ Veterinary Medicine Cost of Attendance – Manhattan Campus.”
  https://www.k-state.edu/sfa/cost/manhattan-campus-costs/veterinary-med.html

• Lesh, Maci. “Grad PLUS Loan Elimination Raises Questions for CSU Graduate, Veterinary Students.” The Rocky Mountain Collegian. March 12, 2026.
  https://collegian.com/articles/science/2026/03/category-science-grad-plus-loan-elimination-raises-questions-for-csu-graduate-veterinary-students/

• U.S. Department of Education, Federal Student Aid, Portfolio by Loan Type, data file, https://studentaid.gov/sites/default/files/fsawg/datacenter/library/PortfoliobyLoanType.xls

• U.S. Congress, H.R. 1 — An Act to Provide for Reconciliation Pursuant to Title II of H. Con. Res. 14, 119th Congress (2025–2026), July 4, 2025, https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/1

• U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, “Evaluation of Federal Financial Aid Information and Delivery Strategies: Experiment Requiring Completion of the FAFSA,” evaluation project description, https://ies.ed.gov/use-work/evaluations/evaluations-federal-financial-aid-information-and-delivery-strategies-experiment-requiring

• U.S. Department of Education. “Myth vs. Fact: Definition of Professional Degrees.” Press release. November 24, 2025. https://www.ed.gov/about/news/press-release/myth-vs-fact-definition-of-professional-degrees

• U.S. Department of Education. Reimagining and Improving Student Education. Federal Register, January 30, 2026. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2026/01/30/2026-01912/reimagining-and-improving-student-education

• U.S. Department of Education, “U.S. Department of Education Issues Proposed Rule to Make Higher Education More Affordable and Simplify Student Loan Repayment,” press release, January 29, 2026, https://www.ed.gov/about/news/press-release/us-department-of-education-issues-proposed-rule-make-higher-education-more-affordable-and-simplify-student-loan-repayment

• Forbes. “Trump Is Slashing Grad School Loans. These Companies Are Scrambling to Step In.” Article. September 24, 2025. https://www.forbes.com/sites/daniellechemtob/2025/09/24/trump-is-slashing-grad-school-loans-these-companies-are-scrambling-to-step-in/